Welcome to the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) tutorial! OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data and code:

🧱 Core Principles

  1. Encapsulation

    • Bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a single unit (class)
    • Restricting direct access to an object's internal state using private/protected modifiers
    • 📌 Example: 
      class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance):
        self._balance = balance  # Protected attribute

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self._balance += amount
    Encapsulation

  2. Inheritance

    • Creating new classes from existing ones to reuse code
    • Parent class (base class) and child class (derived class) relationships
    • 📌 Example: 
      class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"
    Inheritance

  3. Polymorphism

    • Ability of objects to take many forms
    • Overriding methods in subclasses or using interfaces
    • 📌 Example: 
      def animal_sound(animal: Animal):
    print(animal.speak())

animal_sound(Dog())  # Outputs: Woof!
    Polymorphism

  4. Abstraction

    • Hiding complex implementation details and showing only essential features
    • Using abstract classes or interfaces to define common behavior
    • 📌 Example: 
      from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass
    Abstract_Concept

📚 Extend Your Knowledge

Ready to practice? Check out our OOP Examples section for hands-on exercises!

Let me know if you need further clarification 😊