Python offers powerful features to enhance code flexibility and reusability through advanced functions. Below are key concepts:

1. Nested Functions & Closures

A function defined inside another function can access variables from the outer scope, forming a closure. 

def outer(x):
    def inner(y):
        return x + y
    return inner

👉 Explore more about closures

Python Functions

2. Decorators

Decorators allow adding functionality to existing functions without modifying their code.
Example: 

@decorator
def greet():
    print("Hello")

📌 Use @ syntax to apply decorators.
👉 Learn how to create custom decorators

Python Decorators

3. Recursion

A function that calls itself to solve smaller subproblems. 

def factorial(n):
    return 1 if n == 0 else n * factorial(n-1)

⚠️ Be cautious of stack overflow with deep recursion!

Python Recursion

4. Higher-Order Functions

Functions that accept other functions as arguments or return them.
Examples:

  • map()
  • filter()
  • reduce()

👉 Practice with higher-order functions

5. Lambda & Anonymous Functions

Use lambda for concise, single-line functions. 

add = lambda a, b: a + b

💡 Ideal for short operations in functional programming.

Python Lambda

For deeper insights, check out our Functional Programming guide to master advanced techniques! 📚